Date : 15-Jan-2004 Last update: 20040727 (tested under Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7) --> must be verified on x86-darwin-7, powerpc-apple-darwin-6 Authors: Adam Fedor Quentin Mathé Lars S.-Helldorf PURPOSE ------- This document is intended to provide a step by step instruction on how to get the GNUstep installed on Mac OS X and Darwin. Note: GNUstep seems to install on Mac OS X 10.2 / Darwin 6, but the bundles support seems to be broken, then applications based on GNUstep-gui will not work. (Must be verified) COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS --------------------- <> denotes a variable depending on your preferences. To be replaced with the actual values from your system. For instance, if you installed gcc in /opt/local ./configure CC='/bin/gcc' will become ./configure CC='/opt/local/bin/gcc' [] denotes an optional parameter. For instance: ./configure [--enable-graphics=art] can be either: ./configure or: ./configure --enable-graphics=art POTENTIAL ERRORS WHEN RUNNING MAKE ESPECIALLY WITH BACK AND GUI --------------------------------------------------------------- If you get errors like below, just do: make clean make The second or the third time, the errors should disappear. It's probably due to some potential issues between FSF GCC and the libtool/ld Mac OS X / Darwin versions. Linking subproject x11 ... /usr/bin/ld: shared_obj/xdnd.o bad magic number (not a Mach-O file) collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make[3]: *** [shared_obj/subproject.o] Error 1 make[2]: *** [x11.all.subproject.variables] Error 2 make[1]: *** [libgnustep-back.all.bundle.variables] Error 2 make: *** [internal-all] Error 2 PRELIMINAIRES ------------- For all targets, get the following software: libxml2 (Optional, highly recommended, already in Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7) libtiff (Required) libjpeg (Optional, highly recommended) libpng (Optional, highly recommended) libffi (Required, only contained in the gcc distributions and pyobjc) ffcall (On Darwin x86 - use instead of libffi) Xfree86 (Required, already in Mac OS X 10.3/Darwin 7, to know more read below, needed for 10.2 / Darwin 6 and earlier) libart2 (Optional, but required in the case you choose to use the art backend) freetype2 (Optional, but required in the case you choose to use the art backend) dlcompat (Required, to be able to load bundles, included with Fink installation) Obtaining GNUstep ----------------- The main GNUstep project pages tell you how to get hold of this. You can get the latest release of the following libraries. However, since Mac OS X support is currently evolving, we recommend that you get the latest snapshot or code from CVS. You need these gnustep packages: GNUstep-make GNUstep-base GNUstep-gui GNUstep-back Targets ------- For GNUstep, there are several combinations of Objective-C runtime, Foundation library and Application Kit library possible, called library combos. The usual notation is: objcruntime-foundation-applicationkit Theoretically possible are: gnu-gnu-gnu # gnu-objc runtime with gnustep-base and gnustep-gui. Most # widely tested. apple-gnu-gnu # apple-objc runtime with gnustep libraries. Does currently # not work apple-apple-gnu # Apple Foundation with gnustep-gui on the top. Only of # academically interest. apple-apple-apple # Cocoa with GNUstep additions. For porting GNUstep apps to # Cocoa. All gnu-*-apple library combos are purely theoretical and only available to the folks inside Apple since no mortal person ever saw the Cocoa source code. ;-) You can use either the Apple compiler or compile your own FSF compiler. This potentially gives two different targets: Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu FSF GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu Unfortunately, using Apple GCC with gnu-gnu-gnu doesn't appear to work currently (see below for more info), so this option really isn't open now. In addition, if you are on Mac OS X, you can also use the Apple Foundation and AppKit frameworks to do GNUstep development with Cocoa, but this only works with the Apple compiler: Apple GCC, apple-apple-apple GNUstep on Darwin x86 --------------------- For GNUstep on Darwin x86, Apple GCC compiles GNUstep-base, but causes strange problems when running programs (e.g. the program hangs while allocating memory or executes methods multiple times). So we have to use FSF GCC. Additionally, libffi has not been ported to Darwin x86, so you will need to install ffcall instead. ffcall (ftp://ftp.gnustep.org/pub/gnustep/libs or ftp://ftp.santafe.edu/pub/gnu/ffcall-1.9.tar.gz) See instructions below for building ffcall. GNUstep on Darwin PowerPC ------------------------- Haven't been able to get Apple GCC on Mac OS X 10.2 / Darwin 6 to compile GNUstep-base. The compiler crashes with various errors. You need the FSF GCC compiler here. You need at least version 3.3.2. (While version 3.3.2 works, it will not install libffi) Building FSF-GCC ---------------- Darwin x86: FSF GCC is difficult to compile here. The only way I could do it was like this: ln -s /usr/bin/c++filt /usr/bin/c++filt3 # missing on Darwin 7.0.1 x86 # not necessary on OpenDarwin 7.2.1 and then configure gcc with: mkdir build # create a sibling to the # toplevel source dir cd build /gcc-X.X.X/configure --enable-languages=c,objc # don't try to build c++ make bootstrap make install cd /usr/local/lib ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib # So the linker sees us (Replace X.X.X with the actual distribution you have). gcc on Darwin doesn't appear to support threads. Darwin PowerPC: configure and build as follows (tested using gcc-3.3.2 on Mac OS X 10.2 and 10.3): mkdir build cd build /gcc-x.x.x/configure [ --prefix=] # by default gcc # installs in /usr/local make bootstrap make install cd /lib ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib # So the linker sees us Setting up the GNUstep make environment --------------------------------------- In the GNUstep-make (core/make) package, do with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3): echo 'export CC=/bin/gcc' >> ~/.profile with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): echo 'setenv CC /bin/gcc' >> ~/.tcshrc else use [CC='/bin/gcc'] option when running configure. then: ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu [--prefix=] \ [CC='/bin/gcc'] (apple-apple-apple is the default if you don't specify gnu-gnu-gnu). If you want to be able to compile for different targets/platforms together. Do this: ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu --disable-flattened \ --enable-multi-platform [--prefix=] \ [CC='/bin/gcc'] Now: make make install Building and installing libobjc (target Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu only !!!) ------------------------------- Warning ! Don't compile libobjc if you are using FSF GCC. Go to gnustep-objc (or from CVS, into dev-libs/libobjc), and type: make install This should build and install the GNU Objective-C runtime and headers for you. Building and installing libffi (on Darwin PowerPC only !!!) ------------------------------ Untar the GNU gcc distribution, at least a version 3.4 series snapshot (even if you are not compiling the compiler) and: mkdir libffi-build cd libffi-build /libffi/configure [CC='/bin/gcc'] make make install Note: the lastest 3.4 snapshot doesn't seem to have a working libffi on Mac OS X / Darwin. Use PyObjC libffi from http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net, in the case GNUstep-base install doesn't work with the 3.4 snapshot. mkdir libffi-build cd libffi-build /libffi-src/configure [CC='/bin/gcc'] make make install Warning ! Don't install libffi in , let it just install in /usr/local Building and installing ffcall (on Darwin x86 only !!!) ------------------------------ ./configure --prefix=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT \ --libdir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries \ --includedir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Headers Now you can now build and install it simply by typing: make make install Additional libraries -------------------- Build and install and additional libraries listed above. You can also get them via Fink (http://fink.sourceforge.net) or DarwinPorts (http://darwinports.opendarwin.org/) and sometimes they are already present on Mac OS X. And to have the additional libraries taken in account by the Mac OS X / Darwin linker with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3), here is an example with Fink obtained libraries: echo 'export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/sw/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH' >> ~/.profile with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): echo 'setenv DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH /lib:/sw/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH' >> ~/.tcshrc Source GNUstep.sh ----------------- If you are using bourne shell like bash, type: . /System/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh If you are using c shell like tcsh, type: source /System/Makefiles/GNUstep.csh Building and installing GNUstep-base ------------------------------------ Go to GNUstep-base (or from CVS into the core/base directory) If you are using the default gcc (Apple GCC) type: make install This should automatically run the configure script for you, build the base library and some tools, and install the whole lot (along with some system resources). Otherwise (if you installed FSF GCC) type: ./configure [CC='/bin/gcc'] or if you decided not to build libffi or ffcall: ./configure --disable-do [CC='/bin/gcc'] followed by make make install On the apple-apple-apple target, it will only build the GNUstep additions library that adds extra stuff to Foundation. If you are using the apple-apple-apple target, there currently is no reason to go on and compile GNUstep-gui. Building and installing GNUstep-gui ----------------------------------- Go to GNUstep-gui (or from CVS into the core/gui directory), and type If you are using the Apple GCC or the FSF GCC type: ./configure --disable-gsnd [CC='/bin/gcc'] followed by make make install Note: The gsnd server hasn't been ported to Mac OS X / Darwin yet. In the case configure didn't found libjpeg, use --with-jpeg-library= --with-jpeg-include= to have the libjpeg detected. Example with Fink: ./configure --disable-gsnd --with-jpeg-library=/sw/lib --with-jpeg-include=/sw/include Building and installing GNUstep-back ------------------------------------ Warning ! You must have installed X11User.pkg from the Panther install disc and also X11SDK.pkg from the xCode Tools install disc to be able to compile GNUstep-back under Mac OS X 10.3. If you aren't installing GNUstep under Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7, you can use XDarwin (ftp://ftp.xfree86.org/pub/XFree86/4.3.0/binaries/Darwin-ppc-6.x/) for the X server, take a look at http://www.xdarwin.org In the back directory, type: ./configure [CC='/bin/gcc'] make make install In the case, you choose to use the art backend, you will need to have the freetype2 and libart2 libraries installed, first be sure to have libart2 in your path, for example, with Fink installation type: export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/sw/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH Then you should be able to configure back and install it. ./configure --enable-graphics=art [CC='/bin/gcc'] make make install You also need to have /sw/lib in your library path before running GNUstep apps with the art backend, as it needs to find libart2, so put the above export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH somewhere in your .profile (or do the export before launching an application) [see the above "Additional Libraries" section]. The backend architecture which GNUstep-gui is built upon, has been written to be used within X Windows, then you need to start up an X Server (like Apple X11) to run the GNUstep-gui applications. Warning ! With the art backend, before to launch applications based on GNUstep-gui, in the shell, don't forget to edit the defaults (no need it to redo it later) : defaults write NSGlobalDomain XWindowBufferUseXShm NO because Apple X11 doesn't support well shared memory for buffering (wich libart2 uses by default). More informations on the art backend ------------------------------------ To have a working art backend... You will also need to download and install fonts, as it uses a specific font format. Use for example the file http://w1.423.telia.com/~u42308495/alex/backart/ArtResources-0.1.2.tar.bz2 and put the .nfont directories somewhere in $(GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT)/Library/Fonts Other fonts are available on http://www.knuddel.org/Downloads/Fonts/ Window Maker ------------ Window Maker is the traditional window manager for GNUstep. In the case, you choose to use it, don't forget to execute wmaker.inst else Window Maker will crash with signal 10. Example with Fink, do: /sw/bin/wmaker.inst GNUstep daemons --------------- Refer to GNUstep-HOWTO to know how to launch GNUstep daemons. Note: If you try to start GNUstep daemons by hand with 'sudo opentool dameon', it won't work, because when you become root on Mac OS X / Darwin with sudo or su, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable is erased, then to start them in the shell, do: sudo opentool gdomap (gdomap doesn't rely on the GNUstep libraries or other special librairies) su root then with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3): . /GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.sh or with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): source /GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.csh and just do: opentool gdnc opentool gpbs --- That's all.